The History Of The Worlds Legal Systems Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Secondary rules supplement primary rules by providing mechanisms for allowing their identification, their violation, and their modification. According to Hart, secondary rules are rules of recognition, rules of adjudication and rules of the amendment (Hage Pfordten 2009 118). Moreover, other authors see modern legal systems as strictly characteristic of advanced industrial economies, where there are differentiation and stratification of institutions. These elements of stratification and differentiation are reflected in the legal systems as well. In these systems, lawmaking is more extensive and laws are more voluminous, with clear divisions (Sutherland, Cressey Luckenbill 27). Aside from the presence of secondary rules, modern legal systems can be differentiated from primitive legal systems by the existence of an apparent distinction between the civil and criminal jurisdictions, and the public from privacy laws. In early civilizations, there was no clear distinction between crimin al and civil cases. Thus, all cases were heard by the same courts, although there was usually a hierarchy of courts and appeals were allowed to the next higher court. The highest courts are usually at the state level staffed by the king s men and the lowest at the neighborhood or village level. We will write a custom essay sample on The History Of The Worlds Legal Systems or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page In the Aztec society, both criminal and civil cases were appealable to the ruler established court (Trigger 2003 pp.

Psychological Factors Of The Vietnam War - 1064 Words

The Vietnam War was a distinctive conflict that had a particularly strong psychological impact on those who fought in it. It was a complicated event that often had an unclear objective. Many of the young men who were sent into combat lacked the type of patriotism that would have been an important motivation. The confusion about their mission and the nature of their elusive enemy made the mental toll much more pronounced. When they returned home, they faced a non-accepting society that failed to welcome and support them. The Things They Carried gives a vivid image of how the nature of the war in Vietnam contributed to a more intense mental toll on Veterans. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder occurs when someone loses their personal identity as a result of distressing event in which their own life is at risk (Hochgesang 2). The two major factors that contribute to the mental toll of war are pre-war vulnerability and the severity of combat exposure. The latter has a more important impact on how soldiers react immediately following the war. Pre-war psychological factors, on the other hand, may affect the long-term persistence of PTSD (Dohrenwend 12). The amount of mental stress that soldiers experience has also been linked to how the war violates their personal beliefs and goals . People have pre-existing meaning making systems that allow them to feel a sense of purpose, and certain actions during combat may disrupt them (Stegar 3). The distress after war requires people to beginShow MoreRelatedThe Vietnam War Has Far Reaching Consequences For The United States1710 Words   |  7 PagesFailure is a hard word, and no matter how you analyze the Vietnam War, that is precisely what it was. The War was a personal failure on a national scale. From its covert commen- cements, through the bloodiest, most tenebrous days and determinately to the acrid end, this ten-year period of American history is a national disgrace. This research paper will deal with some of the more intriguing aspects and effects of this war. Since the Vietnam conflict made absolutely no sense politically, militarilyRead MoreHow Were The Us Soldiers Affected By The Vietnam War?1281 Words   |  6 PagesHistory Date How were the US soldiers affected by the Vietnam War The war in Vietnam was a war against communism that tore apart the US. The United States of America plunged together with its allies and played a tremendous role as far as fight against communism is concerned. A huge number of American soldiers were deployed in Vietnam a practice that coupled with much unpreparedness. The soldiers were not aware what exactly they were up to in Vietnam. Most Americans at the time were very much againstRead MoreAmerica ´s Hostile Response to the Vietnam War and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 1630 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Vietnam War contribute to the high number of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder victims? Plan of Investigation In this investigation, the personal side of the soldiers who fought in the Vietnam war will be examined- particularly the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) that were most common in veterans, and the different experiences in the war or after returning home that could have caused them. The types of warfare, deaths, and differences from methods used in the Vietnam War willRead MoreEssay on Shattered Youth: How the Vietnam War Changed a Generation1591 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War is a conflict that was extremely polarizing to people in the United States and words such as ‘wasted’ or ‘quagmire’ are negative words associated with the war. In his book A Rumor of War, Philip Caputo provides a personal account of events that he experienced leading up to and during the war as a soldier in the United States Marine Corps. Caputo’s experiences transform his idealistic views of war when he is faced with the realities of combat, and ultimat ely the events cause him toRead MoreEssay about Detente and the Cold War1017 Words   |  5 Pagessuper power following World War II. Many of the Allies were deeply affected by the war financially and were struggling, thus leaving a vacuum that needed to be filled. The United States was thrust into the position of â€Å"policing† and assisting nations around the world. The Cold War was in many ways a psychological illusion however there were many factors that led to this illusion which were well founded. The Cold War stemmed from a multitude of factors, the difficult war against Nazi’s and JapanRead MoreVietnam War Essay944 Words   |  4 PagesHow effective were the Vietcong tactics of underground tunnels and booby traps in the Vietnam War? The Vietnam War was a war that started during the late 1950s and ended during the late 1970s. The Vietnam War ended in the Vietcong victory over America. I believe that this was due to the underground ‘labyrinth’ of tunnels and the vast usage of guerrilla warfare used by the Vietcong. Their usage of the tunnels and booby traps were in my opinion ingenious. The variety of the booby traps that wereRead MoreThe Things They Carried by Tim O’brien1610 Words   |  7 Pagesduty and so concedes to fight in Vietnam. CLIMAX †¢ During their tour of duty, the men of the Alpha Company must cope with the loss of their own men and the guilt that comes from killing and watching others die. FALLING ACTION †¢ After he returns from war, O’Brien grapples with his memories by telling stories about Vietnam. 2. MAJOR CONFLICT †¢ The men of the Alpha Company, especially Tim O’Brien, grapple with the effects—both immediate and long-term—of the Vietnam War. Characters Protagonist Tim O’BrienRead MorePsychological, Physical and Mental Burdens of the Troops in The Things They Carried1369 Words   |  6 PagesMost authors who write about war stories write vividly; this is the same with Tim O’Brien as he describes the lives of the soldiers by using his own experiences as knowledge. In his short story â€Å"The Things They Carried† he skillfully reveals realistic scenes that portray psychological, physical and mental burdens carried by every soldier. He illustrates these burdens by discussing the weights that the soldiers carry, their psychological stress and the mental stress they have to undergo as each ofRead MoreThe Things They Carried: Lt. Jim Cross Essay1061 Words   |  5 PagesThey carried their reputations. They carried the soldier’s greatest fear, which was the fear of blushing. Men killed, and died, because they were embarrassed not to. It was what had brought them to the war in the first place, nothing positive, no dreams of glory and dishonor, just to avoid the blush of dishonor (O’Brien P. 369). The things we carry may define the type of person we are in a broad but effective sense. For example, a construction worker might carry a hammer, a mailman some mail , andRead More January, 1968: Keh Sanh, The Tet Offensive, and the Unraveling of an American Presidency 1740 Words   |  7 PagesWhen President Johnson delivered his State of the Union Address to Congress on January 17, 1968 he spoke of the war in Vietnam with optimism. He listed the many military accomplishments to date, mentioned the word â€Å"progress† five times, discussed a â€Å"fruitful† visit with the pope, and spoke with a tone and tenor that suggested an imminent, peaceful resolution (â€Å"Johnson’s Annual Message†). Not three months later – in a similarly important speech to the American people – Johnson stoically announced

Lifetime Speech free essay sample

Me and my father always had our separate ways in school. Every time I would show him my report card; hed either scold me or punish me. It was around the 2nd quarter of junior year when my father received my report card; and for once he didnt yell. He simply said son I need to have a word with you about this. You could imagine what was running in my head, oh no here it comes here it comes. Instead, rather than raising his voice, he said son, I know you could do better. College isnt a joke. You have to learn to put the time and effort into studying. I only want you to do better than I did. My father was a cop for twenty years, and he never wanted us to be like him. In my mind, it was the only thing that I needed to hear. We will write a custom essay sample on Lifetime Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You could do better. I did do better. I finally felt confident. It helped me realize that there is a future waiting for me, and that my parents finally recognize me as an adult; and not a child. With those words as my motto, I triumphed through my final years in high school.