Mark Twains Creative Writing Process

Mark Twain fills his novels with affective humor and literary excellence. The research focuses on Mark Twain’s use of humor persuades the readers to finish the entire novel. The research includes examples of Mark Twain’s creative genius. Mark Twain. creatively wove the novels to bring the real life issue of racism to the readers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mark Twain’s Creative Writing Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mark Twain, Samuel Clemens in real life, rose to writing stardom with his books Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain’s creatively wrote books using the humor literary style. His story entitled â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† was a creative novel based on Mark Twain’s boyhood years living in Hannibal . Mark Twain patterned two of the Tom Sawyer characters after his two real life schoolmates, John Briggs and Will Bowen. Likewise, Mark T wain created a sequel to the Tom Sawyer story, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Mark Twain based the Huckleberry story on Mark Twain’s childhood best friend, Tom Blankenship. Mark Twain creatively wrote a third popular novel entitled â€Å"The Prince and the Pauper†. The third book did not have as much acclaim and popular demand as Mark Twain’s first two masterpieces, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn story finally catapulted Mark. Twain, as one of America’s all time notable writers. Sharon Rush emphasized (Rush 10) Mark Twain creatively touched on the serious topic of racial discrimination during his time. The Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn stores centered the abuse of the African Americans. Mark Twain’s books creatively focused on the serious issue of racial slavery that was normal in the American community during Mark Twain’s time. The Huckleberry Finn story included Mark T wain’s serious research on deep and enduring realities of American racism. Consequently, Mark Twain’s two books are mandatorily included in the American educational curriculum. The inclusion focused on bringing out the realities of racial discrimination of the pre-civil war days to the four walls of the classroom environment. Racism flourished in the United States from 1870s to 1960s. Mark Twain creatively wrote in the Huckleberry Finn novel Huckleberry’s humorous voice â€Å"a dissentering minister†. Mark Twain based the sentence on the Wilks episode that bizarrely closed with disinterring a corpse.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Victor Doyno (68) reiterated one should consider looking at interviews with or texts by the author that describe his or her creative process. Mark Twain’s writing, especially on the Huckleberry Finn novel, includ ed sparks of creative verbal wit, themes, and plot convulsions. Mark Twain admitted he allowed humor to drop in or stay out according to his moods. However, he fitted the humor situations to fill the aesthetic requirements of Mark Twain’s novels. Mark Twain intentionally added humor to the serious racial scenes to differentiate his characters on the minds of the avid readers. Mark Twain normally included the humor aspect of his novels when editing started. Mark Twain loved to tinker with words of humor to spice up the novel’s excellently woven stories. For example, Huckleberry Finn says â€Å"†¦and the king allowed he would drop over to ‘tother village, without any plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . There is no such word in the English language as ‘tother. This is one of Mark Twain’s creative genius at work. Mark Twain continually revised his original draft of the Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn novel s to capture the readers’ interest to read on until the last page. Mark Twain was successful in this endeavour. The success is pinned on creatively fusing humor into the chapters of Mark Twain’s masterpieces. Albert Bigelow Pain commented Mark Twain’s creative genius indicates his marvellous reminiscences that included an atmospheric relevance to American slave history. Such history is part of Mark Twain’s childhood biography. Michael Kiskis (113) mentioned Mark Twain’s creative writing process includes imagination dominated by memory with sprinklings of creating details to unfold the realities of racism to the novel readers. Mark Twain’s penchant for details presents the unvarnished harshness of racial discrimination on a literary level. Mark Twain’ s aim was to vividly bring the past into the novel readers’ present time in order for the readers to feel the pains, joys, triumphs and defeats of the people of his time. Mark Twain’s created included patches of sentences that func tion therapeutically to bring meaning and purpose into a world that seemed dreamlike and unreal. Ken Rasmussen (220) observed Mark Twain creatively feature Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn with different characteristics. Tom Sawyer seeks attention and the limelight. Tom Sawyer seeks fame. On the other hand, Huckleberry Finn wants to be alone by his lonesome. Tom Sawyer is creative and is easily falling love with the girls of his age. On the other hand, Huckleberry Finn thrives on realistic environments.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mark Twain’s Creative Writing Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Huckleberry Finn is practical. Mark Twain depicts Tom sawyer as a clever person. Mark Twain described Tom sawyer as bending onto quixotic fantasies. On the other hand, is cleverly practical. For example, Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer create a plot to rescue Jim from his slave owners. Huckleberry Finn wan ts to rescue Jim by waiting until Uncle Silas Phelps is in deep sleep. While sleeping, Tom and Huckleberry will grab the keys from the sleeping Phelps and rescue Jim. On the other hand, Tom’s version of the rescue is to spend weeks laboriously re-enacting famous escapes read from Tom’s references. Mark Twain intricately wove Huckleberry Finn’s faked death in the novel. Huckleberry Finn creatively executed escapes from his father by not wasting any step. Consequently, Huckleberry Finn is able to steal many supplies. Huckleberry Finn fraudulently convinces everyone Huckleberry Finn’s dead body is floating along the Mississippi River. Bringing the escaping Jim along, Huckleberry Finn creatively invents new aliases to ensure the success of Jim’s escape. Huckleberry Finn creatively saved the Wilks sisters from the hostile King and Duke. The King and Duke are hell bent on robbing the Wilks sisters. Huckleberry Finn’s intelligence is diminished whe n finally concedes to Tom’s escape plan. Kent Rasmussen (221) Mark Twain modelled Huckleberry Finn’s father, Pap, on the real life Jimmy Finn. Finn was the drunkard in Mark Twain’s community. The real Finn did not have the qualities mentioned in Mark Twain’s rendition of Pap in the Huckleberry Finn novel. In addition, Mark Twain characterized Huckleberry Finn’s father as an abusive parent. Huckleberry Finn learns a lesson from his father â€Å"take a chicken when you get a chance, because if you do not want him yourself you can easily find someone who will get the chicken†. Mark Twain details Pap’s appearance as about 50 years old, having long black greasy hair, a long beard, a sickeningly white skin, rags covering his outmoded body, toes pointing through a hole in the person’s worn out boots, having black slouch hat with the top caved in. However, the sentence in the Huckleberry Finn novel shows â€Å"†¦you can easy find †¦Ã¢â‚¬  this is a good example of creativity.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mark Twain intentionally made the wrong grammar to keep the readers on the edge of their seats as they ponder the essence of the intentional replacement of easily by the erroneous easy. As part of the creative process, Mark Twain included a sad scene in the predominantly humorous story. Mark Twain included the scene where the escaping slave, Jim, persuades Huckleberry Finn not to look at the victim’s face. Jim estimates some shot dead person at the back two days prior to Jim and Huckleberry Finn’s arrival. The Huckleberry Finn novel’s chapter 9 shows that the dead man is Huckleberry Finn’s own father, Pap. Harold Bloom (37) mentioned Mark Twain’s creative genius can be seen in the passage â€Å"†¦They bad come up from the quarry and stood around the stile a while, and then went on around the garden fence. It is funny they had not come in, after standing around so†¦ †. The verse clearly shows the character is an uneducated person, j udging from the wrong grammar used. Creative imagination explodes with the word stile that brings a crystal-clear focus on the coming up prediction. Mark Twain includes the garden fences the creating narrative limits by mentioned in the novel. In addition, Stephen Railton (32) theorized Mark Twain creatively inserted the characters of the King and the Duke to bring entertainment to its fullest. Mark Twain includes the two evil characters to ensure the success of the Huckleberry Finn novel during its stage performance. The two characters make a living on taking advantage of their victims. The two would manipulate the people’s appetites. The people’s appetites included religious trimmings. Likewise, the two took advantage of the sadacious desires of the male audiences at nonesuch, or the sentimental needs of Peter Wilk’s neighbors. The Huckleberry Finn novel includes an ambivalent setting to entertain the followers of the Huckleberry Finn story. The Huckleberry Fi nn novel includes some tinges of democratic character when it brings the issue of slavery to the people, the judges of democratic ideals. To bring the creativity process to it highest levels, Mark Twain characterized Tom Sawyer, a poor boy, and Huckleberry Finn, an African American slave, into the story. The two characters do not belong the circle of rich people of American society. Mark Twain’s creativity includes such words as â€Å"raging rush of people†, â€Å"drunk rider’s danger†, and â€Å"stretching their necks† to bring color to the Huckleberry Finn novel. The author supporter does not deviate from the class discussions concerning the creative process. Mark Twain’s creative process complies with the creative process for his novels are able to find useful knowledge by searching for the problem space, limiting the adaptation task, and discovering answers that are substantially different from the normal or original one. Mark Twain†™s novels focused on letting the audiences or viewers of his novels to work out a solution to the racism problem that prevailed during Mark Twain’s time. Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn resolved the issue of racism in the novels. They did so by taking a stance to rescue Jim from his owners. Based on the above discussion, the novels of Mark Twain includes humor and literary excellence. The Mark Twain novels include humor persuade the readers to finish the entire novel creatively. Mark Twain’s creative genius includes immortalizing the diverse circumstances of the characters. Indeed, Mark Twain creatively wrote the novels bring the real life issue of racism to the readers creatively. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Infobase Press, 2007. Priint. Doyno, Victor. Writing Huck Finn: Mark Twain’s Creative Process. New York: University Press, 1993. Print. Kiskis, Michael. Constructing Mark Twain. New York: Un iversity Press, 2001. Print Railton, Stephen. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Broadway Press, 2011. Print. Rasmussen, Kent. Critical Companion to Mark Twain. New York: Infobase Press, 2007.Print. Rush, Sharon. Huck Finn’s â€Å"Hidden† Lessons. New York: Rowman Press, 2005.Print. 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The Leadership Needs of the Great Tunes Music Company

The Leadership Needs of the Great Tunes Music Company This is a critical moment for Great Tunes Music Company (GTMC). Several challenges threaten to pull GTMC apart. These challenges include some very good options without which the company does not even have the hope to survive.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on The Leadership Needs of the Great Tunes Music Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the recent changes in the leadership, there is a rare opportunity to put these challenges in perspective and to provide the much-needed fresh direction for the company. It is the role of leadership to bring together all the factors in an organization to ensure there is coherence and sustainability. The challenges the company must deal with are its business strategy, the organizational culture, and its operational structures. The company has a very risky business outlay characterized by 60% dependence on two artists for its income. Despite signing a pool of young artist s on contract, the company has not been able to capitalize on their talent. This means that GTMC’s current positioning limits its capacity to take advantage of the lucrative youth market that represents a sizeable chunk of the music market. In addition, there is the threat of a much lower income from sales because of online piracy. GTMC suffers from a poor organizational culture. The last two leadership transitions were very jerky, and moved the organization from one extreme of almost no structures, to a very bureaucratic structure leading to disillusion among some members. The organization therefore lacks the culture that a consistent leadership style makes possible. This explains the poor levels of teamwork among members. All departments have their own priorities and what is sorely lacking is a means to bring all these efforts together into coherent action. Closely related to lack of an organizational culture is the type of decision making structures applied in the past. Th e company moved from a laissez-faire approach to decision-making then swung to a very structured format, neither of which is ideal for an organization of this nature. This means that at all times in the past, only a certain kind of people could thrive, making the rest unproductive.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To put the organization on a balanced footing, two things will be indispensible. The first one is the development of a long-term business strategy that will address the business concerns of GTMC while the second one is streamlining of business operations. â€Å"An inspired and clearly considered strategy provides the impetus for commercial success, whereas a weak or misunderstood strategy may lead to a company going out of business†. It appears that GTMC is overdue for a strategic planning process. This process will help it to identify its stra tegic fit in the current operational environment and will bring to the fore the priority areas that the company must address to grow its profits and sustain its place in the music industry. Some of the actions may include promotion of younger artists, redesigning the income structure, and identifying emerging markets that the company can serve competitively. The result envisaged is a responsive organization returning profit, and operating sustainably. Secondly, there is need to streamline the business processes and operations by developing clear but flexible rules applicable in the business processes. These rules should be such that they do not hinder creativity but also they do not create an environment devoid of accountability. By solving the operational problems, GTMC will sort out its greatest challenges as perceived by the new leadership. Reference list Kourdi, J. (2009). Business Strategy: A Guide to Taking Your Business Forward. London: Profile Books Limited.

(It doesn't matter) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

(It doesn't matter) - Assignment Example The theme of the current year’ Economic Report of the President  can be described by the headline of the first chapter of the report; â€Å"To Recover, Rebalance, and Rebuild†. The Nation has made significant efforts for the recovery from the Great Recession that took shape towards the end of 2007 and prevailed until the middle of 2009. The economy has grown for 10 straight quarters, as a result of which the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country in real terms has exceeded its peal level that was achieved before the 2007-09 recession had started. The real GDP has increased 6.2 percent since 2009 (Economic Report of The President 2012, p. 42). However, the extended effects of the severity of the crisis have slowed down the pace of recovery. Job growth has been sluggish; from February 2010 till January 2012 a net total of 3.7 million jobs were added by the private sector employers (Economic Report of The President 2012, p. 27). This can be contrasted with the perio d of recovery from the 1991 recession (between November 1991 till October 1993) 3 million jobs had been added (Economic Report of The President 2012, p.27). In the mid 2009, President Obama and his Administrative body took steps to rebalance the sources economic growth. The inclination of business investment has shifted real estate to sectors like software industry, expansion of which leads to expansion of capacity and productivity. A vital down payment for the future is made by investments in education, infrastructure, clean energy and research and development. The President has emphasized upon the identification of common grounds, such that government policies can act along with the private players without impeding economic growth. The gains of economic growth are intended to provide opportunity to the middle class and the ones struggling to get into the middle class. Credit conditions have improved over the years and real consumer spending has averaged to 1.9 percent in the last two quarters of 2011 compared to 1.4 percent in the first half (Economic Report of The President 2012, p. 46). Nominal tax receipt by the State and the local governments has increased by approximately 4 percent (Economic Report of The President 2012, p. 59). While sales and property taxes rose, corporate taxes were down. Real exports rose by 5.2 percent during 2011 while real imports grew 3.8 percent (Economic Report of The President 2012, p. 60). The efficiency of the safety net programs has been emphasized upon in the report. Policy developments on the key components of the safety net are mentioned. 9.6 percent households received Unemployment Insurance in 2010 (Economic Report of The President 2012, p. 202). State would experiment with a program named ‘Bridge to Work’ in which people facing frictional unemployment while changing jobs would be taken by private employers and compensated for up to 38 hours of work per week for a period of eight weeks. The President†™s Budget includes the goal of securing a job to every American who wants a job. It has been recognized that smart regulation like the benefit-cost analysis, public investment, and promotion of clean domestic energy would lay the groundwork for technological advancement and raising productivity. Comments The US economy was stuck deep in financial crisis when President Barrack took oath of office on January 20, 2009. The economy contracted at an alarming rate of 8.9

Art and Music Appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art and Music Appreciation - Essay Example According to Schneider-Adams ,there are six reasons why art is created ,they are represented below ialondside examples of paintings or art that explain the reason. Grogian chant a form of liturgical chant that was used in the western Christianity, it was mostly played during mass celebration and at ritual rights. It was formed by Pope Gregory who was the acting pope from the year 590 -604, he was well known for his categorization of music to be played during specific events in the church. The Grogian chant is some kind of frenzy music with prolonged intervals between tune and whose pitch keeps alternation from high to low to very high tones. The pitches keep alternating and this creates a confusion of some sort in the mind. I think the music has some form of spiritual attachment, given the fact that it is played in the church and ,the changing pitches have some effect on one’s soul. It keeps ones detached from the real world to a far way place that cannot be well distinguished ,though this only happens when one pays full concentration to the pitches and tones released from it. I agree with the modern listeners that the music has some haunting effect, this could be due to the fact that it is ancient and not similar to modern

Rising health care costs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rising health care costs - Essay Example The author asserts that the Australian government keystone weakness is to deliberately favor the rich leaving the poor out of the best Medicare services equation. This is contrasted by the contemporaneous condition in the United States affirming that the Medicare private medical insurance, the predominant vehicle for funding healthcare, has disadvantaged poor people. It's profoundly clear that the long-term fiscal balance will ultimately rely on the future rate of growth of health care costs. As per the given Medicare and Medicaid costs threshold statistics, if the rates remain in the same continuum as the past few decades, overall federal costs incurred on those two programs will elevate from 5% to the stated 20% by 2050. I strongly concur that the policymakers focus to simply compound this menace is the core impeding factor in controlling overall federal incurrence over the long run void of tabling an addressing the driving forces behind the elevated private and public health care costs. I strongly concur to different authors assertions that distribution of the health care costs throughout the economy does not necessarily solve the issue at hand, and that cost reduction strategy can be achieved void of compromising quality.Also, the assertion of getting rid of financial incentives and ensuring that patients health care expenses are covered by their insurance providers is a key way to reduce overall health care costs. The overall insight to combine all possible cost saving options available is not only viable but also practical.

Argentina Environmental Laws And Regulations Environmental Sciences Essay

Argentina Environmental Laws And Regulations Environmental Sciences Essay The protection of water resources is ruled by National Decree 674/89 modified in part by Decree 776/92 on waste effluents discharged into sewage systems or water coursesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The territory of application is the City of Buenos Aires and the districts of the Province of Buenos Aires. (Consoli et al). This applies to facilities that are in the territory of application, which create waste effluents originated in the discharge of said effluents into sewage systems, rain drains or water courses, which may contaminate the water sources, damage Waterworks, installations or affect the public health. Industrial plants and facilities subject to this decree must have duly authorized effluent treatment plants and are required to file an annual affidavit that holds all the data required by the relevant regulation. This also establishes certain prohibitions like the release of effluent exceeding the tolerated contamination levels, the discharge of effluent without previous authorization, t he discharge of effluent in public places and the storage of solid wastes which may contaminate surface or underground water. Air Pollution Law 20.284 establishes rules to determine air quality and the allowed concentration of pollutants. It includes motor vehicles, machinery, equipment, facilities installations and incinerators, emitting substances which may produce atmospheric contamination. If not followed, subject to fines or temporary or total closure of the polluting source. Law 24.040-the control of substances which deplete the ozone, rules on the use and trade of CFCs. Hazardous Waste Law 24.051rules the generation, transport, handling, treatment and final disposal of hazardous waste, establishing duties, responsibilities and liabilities of generators, operators and transporters of waste. Law 24.051 is a local law but it is followed by the whole national territory (Nonna). A hazardous waste is any waste that can damage living beings or contaminate land, water, air or the environment. Individuals and legal entities subject to this law (generators, transporters and operators of hazardous waste) have to register with the National Registry of Hazardous Waste Generators and Operators. They need to do this to be able to receive the annual environmental certificate that allows them to operate. Generators of Waste Means Waste generators have to pay a levy. The levy is calculated by how hazardous the waste is, and how much is generated. Transporters of Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste can only go from the generator to the transporter. It has to be with a manifest that contains all the data identifying the generator. The transporter cannot: 1) mix hazardous waste with other waste or with incompatible hazardous waste; 2) store hazardous waste for more than ten days; or 3) transport, transfer or deliver waste not properly packed. Treatment and/or Final Disposal Plants Authorizations are for ten year for the operation of these plants. But they have to have annual renewals of the environmental certificate. They must keep a permanent operation record that follows the requirements established by authority. Argentina Faces the Dilemma of Unconventional Oil and Gas Vast reserves of natural gas and oil trapped underground, whose exploitation would signify major environmental impacts, will be the greatest challenge facing YPF, the Argentine oil company that recently returned to state control. The study assessed the viability of 48 shale gas basins in 32 countries and estimated Argentinas shale gas reserves at 774 (TCF), 60 times greater than the countrys current conventional reserves. The shale gas formations are in four basins, but the Neuquà ©n basin is the most promising. This is where the Vaca Muerta and Los Molles formations are found, which stretch across the subsoil of four provinces: Neuquà ©n and Mendoza, in western Argentina, La Pampa in the centre of the country, and Rà ­o Negro in the centre-south. The report states that, although there is a high degree of uncertainty, studies by the Undersecretariat of Mines and Hydrocarbons of Neuquà ©n estimate that there are 170 TCF of recoverable gas in the Vaca Muerta formation and between 130 and 192 TCF in Los Molles. The exploitation of these reserves would significantly increase gas production, create employment and promote the development of new technologies, but would also take a heavy toll on the environment. This is the dilemma facing the new YPF, after the expropriation of 51 percent of its shares, which were held by the Spanish oil company Repsol until the May 3 passage of the bill that President Cristina Fernà ¡ndez de Kirchner submitted to Congress on Apr. 16. YPF, created by the Argentine government in 1922, has thus returned to state control as a private corporation with a majority stake owned by the government and the rest held by national and foreign private companies and stockholders. The article, Gas y petrà ³leo no conventional: Perspectives y desafà ­os para su desarrollo en Argentina (Unconventional Gas and Oil: Prospects and challenges for their development in Argentina), outlines the opportunities offered by exploitation of these resources, but warns that the effects on the environment pose serious questions. A report published in October 2011 by the National Academy of Engineering of Argentina, Gas de reservorios no convencionales: Estado de situacià ³n y principales desafà ­os (Gas from Unconventional Sources: Current situation and key challenges), concurs with the warnings voiced by Matranga and Gutman. *The writer is an IPS correspondent. This story was originally published by Latin American newspapers that are part of the Tierramà ©rica network. Tierramà ©rica is a specialised news service produced by IPS with the backing of the United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme and the World Bank. Top of Form Environmental sustainability situation in Argentina The following statistics give perspective to the ongoing environmental sustainability situation in Argentina: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Disappearances of Forests: In 1914, there were 105 million hectares; since 2005 there is an estimated 33 million remaining hectares of forest à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increase in Pesticides: In 1991, agriculture reported using 40 million liters of pesticides; by 1997 that number had grown to 100 million liters à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High Levels of Lead: In the province of Jujuy, 59 percent of children from the Abra Pampas have an unsafe amount of lead in their blood; the impact to local flora and fauna is unknown à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The burning of forests generates more greenhouse gases than motor vehicles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Since 1985, the amount of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 140 percent; whereas carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulates have increased 60, 56 and 100 percent, respectively à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Since 1914, two-thirds of Argentinas native forests have been destroyed. If this destruction continues unchecked, all of Argentinas native forests will be gone by the year 2024. Challenges for Future Nationalised Oil Co. in Argentina:- One of the big challenges facing the Argentine government in its plans to regain state control of the countrys biggest oil firm, YPF, is to make up for the time lost under private management, when production and exploration fell. President Cristina Fernandez decreed intervention of the YPF board and sent Congress a bill Monday Apr. 16 to expropriate 51 percent of the shares of the company, which is controlled by Spanish energy firm Repsol. The move radically changes the countrys energy scenario. YPF, founded as Yacimientos Petrolà ­feros Fiscales (State Petroleum Reserves) by the Argentine state in 1922, is the largest oil and gas producer in the country. It was privatised in two stages, in 1993 and 1999, under the administrations of former president Carlos Menem (1989-1999). Since then the state has held less than one percent of the shares of YPF. Fà ©lix Herrero, the vice president of the movement for the recovery of Argentinas energy sovereignty (MORENO), told IPS he was in complete agreement with the bill, which declares the achievement of self-sufficiency in oil and gas to be in the public interest in order to guarantee economic development with social equity. . In Lamothes view, the government has waited too long to take action on an energy policy that has been failing to encourage investment. The authorities allowed most of the profits to be transferred abroad, and now there is an eight-year backlog in investments, he complained. He added that the future state-controlled company would have to move towards a model of partnerships with the private sector in order to fund necessary investments. And he thought it was premature to celebrate the governments move this week. At the unveiling of the initiative, Fernà ¡ndez said YPF would continue to be a sociedad anà ³nima or public limited company, with private participation. I want to make it clear that this is not nationalisation, but the restoration of sovereignty and control over an essential instrument, she said. She maintained that Argentinas plan is not a new invention, and ran through a list of industrialised and developing countries where the state controls the oil and gas industry. For example, she noted that in Brazil, the public sector owns 51 percent of oil giant Petrobras. But on this point, Herrero said, the president is mistaken. Constitutionally, the Brazilian state cannot own more than 51 percent of Petrobras, and actually owns 32 percent, while the rest of the company is in the hands of federal states, the state-owned National Development Bank (BANDES), workers mutual funds and private individuals and corporations, he said. Air, Water, and Noise Pollution Aging diesel buses may be the primary culprit in deteriorating urban air quality, but private vehicles (some still using leaded gasoline) and taxis contribute more than their share (some taxis and private vehicles, though, burn natural gas). Superannuated factories, with their subsidized smokestacks, are another source. A different sort of air pollution is the deterioration of the antarctic ozone layer, which has exposed both humans and livestock in far southern Argentina to ultraviolet radiation in summer. Though ozone depletion is a global problem over which Argentines have little control, they suffer the consequences of the growing ozone hole. Just as motor vehicles cause urban air pollution, they also produce most of its noise pollution, due partly to inadequate mufflers. According to one study, vehicular noise accounts for 80 percent of noise levels that, at corners like Rivadavia and Callao in Buenos Aires, exceed 80 decibels. Buses and motorcycles are the worst offenders. Drinking water is normally potable, but a historical legacy of polluted waterways derives from, first, the proliferation of European livestock on the pampas, followed by the processing of hides and livestock, and then by heavy industry. The textbook case is Buenos Airess Riachuelo, in the working-class barrio of La Boca, which more closely resembles sludge than water; its bottom sediments, thanks to chemical runoff from factories here and in nearby Avellaneda, are an even greater toxic hazard. The construction of riverside pulp plants in Uruguay continues to be a hot-button issue in Entre Rà ­os Province, but this is a complex issue characterized by much cynical posturing on the Argentine side. Solid Waste Buenos Aires and other cities produce prodigious amounts of garbage-Buenos Aires alone, for instance, generates 5,000 tons of solid waste per day. The capital ships its garbage as far away as the city of Olavarrà ­a, 400 kilometers to the southwest, but a new law stipulates that it will reduce the waste sent to landfills by half by 2012, and by 75 percent by 2017. Sidewalk pickups take place daily, but in the aftermath of the 2002 economic crisis, garbage-strewn streets became more common because of spontaneous recycling by cartoneros who ripped open plastic bags in search of reusable materials like cardboard. Theres another dark side to this recycling, as some cartoneros-apparently in league with criminal elements-have also absconded with valuable metals covering utility boxes and other similar objects accessible from the street. Sold and melted into ingots of bronze and other metals, these are almost untraceable. Another sort of solid waste is even more problematic. Greenpeace Argentina has protested an agreement with Australia to import that countrys nuclear waste for reprocessing near the Buenos Aires suburb of Ezeiza. Argentinas constitution prohibits storage of nuclear waste, though Argentina has its own 357-megawatt Atucha I reactor near the town of Lima, northwest of the capital. Energy Mismanagement and disinvestment are threatening Argentinas self-sufficiency in fossil fuels, so that the country is now having to import natural gas, at above-market prices, from Bolivia. The country does have hydroelectric resources in the subtropical north and along the Andean foothills, but Argentine governments have promoted nuclear power since the 1950s. While the country has renounced any intention to build nuclear weapons, the 357-megawatt Atucha I reactor has powered the capitals electrical grid since 1974. For much of the time since then it has operated at reduced capacity thanks partly to cheaper hydroelectricity, but also due to inadequate maintenance; the controlling Comisià ³n Nacional de Energà ­a Atà ³mica (CNEA, National Atomic Energy Commission) is not known for its transparency. Atucha I is due to close in 2014. Even hydroelectricity is no panacea, as the creation of the massive Yacyretà ¡ dam along the Paraguayan border in Corrientes Province may be raising water levels in the Iberà ¡ marshlands; this could sever the floating islands, on which their wildlife depends, from their anchoring soils. Similarly, upstream water diversions on the Rà ­o Iguazà º could affect the flow over the spectacular falls that are one of the continents greatest natural features. Soil Conservation and Deforestation Centuries of livestock impacts, both grazing and trampling, have caused serious erosion even in areas where there were never native forests, such as the pampas and the Patagonian steppes. Even today, some forested national parks-most notably Lanà ­n and Los Glaciares-have been unable to eliminate grazing within their boundaries. There has been pressure to create presumably sustainable forest-exploitation projects in the Magellanic woodlands of Tierra del Fuego. The hot-button forest issues, though, are in the northern subtropical forests. In Misiones Province, agricultural colonists and commercial tea and yerba mate plantations have cut over much of the selva misionera, a diverse, wildlife-rich rain forest that cannot easily reestablish itself when its natural recycling mechanisms are disturbed. In Jujuy and Salta Provinces, the yungas cloud forest on the edge of the Andes has already suffered deforestation from construction of a nearly pointless natural gas pipeline over the Andes to Chile, and from widespread clear-cutting to extract just a few prize timber species. Beans taking over forests Research in Argentina has shown that deforestation due to agricultural expansion of soybean is threatening the Yungas cloud forest, and the Chaco ecoregion, one of the largest forested biomes (a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal communities) in South America. In Argentina, while most recent expansion in soybean agriculture has relied on available agricultural land, there are aggressive targets to expand the agricultural area to increase soybean production for export.1 The cattle threat Beef production in Argentina also poses a threat to natural habitats. Beef feeding, located on land that used to compete with agricultural crops, has been concentrated in the Espinal Ecoregion (an area of thorny deciduous shrubland forest) threatening grasslands and forests. Similar impacts have occurred with cattle breeding, which has expanded into the Chaco ecoregion and is threatening forests. These processes are closely linked with an increasing demand for suitable land for soy cropping.2 Other environmental problems Argentina also faces the issue of energy consumption and management and the inefficient use of non-renewable resources. COMPARISON OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES BETWEEN ARGENTINA AND INDIA DEFORESTATION : ARGENTINA Argentina has over 33 million ha of forest, representing over 12% of the countrys land area. Between 1990 and 2005 Argentina lost 6.4% of its natural forest cover, although plantation expansion resulted in the net forest loss being lower at 2.1%. A forestry bill in 1997 offered tax breaks and subsidies to foreign investors for establishing tree plantations and the aim was to plant an average of 200,000 ha per year from 2000 to 2009. Although this target was not achieved, an average of approximately 50,000 ha per year were planted from 2000 to 2008. Much of the destruction of natural forests is due to the spread of agribusiness. In the central province of Cordoba soy production has increased steadily in the last decade, replacing forests; of the 10 million ha of forest in Cordoba a century ago, only 12% remain and in some areas, the figure is as low as 2%. The result has been soil erosion, water shortages and localised changes to the climate. The Cordoba Environment Agency introduced a law in 2005 banning clear-cutting for a period of 10 years, but allowing sustainable logging in native forests. In the north western province of Salta, the number of permits issued by the provincial government for land conversion increased in recent years; in 2007 alone, permits issued allowed for the felling of half a million ha of forest. At the end of 2008, 18 indigenous communities presented a demand to the Supreme Court for an immediate halt to the deforestation. The court imposed an immediate ban on deforestation in the region and demanded a public consultation take place prior to the court taking a final decision. This deforestation is also threatening the habitats of many species, including the jaguar and seven other cat species. Timber is not a major industry in Argentina; many of the companies involved in land clearing for agribusiness are also involved in the paper and pulp industry. Much of the potentially valuable timber is in remote areas and remains unexploited. In 2008 the World Bank approved a US$60 million loan to Argentina to work with smaller farmers to improve sustainable management of forest resources and preserve biodiversity. The work will focus on the most the most threatened areas, where ecosystems have been seriously damaged by agribusiness. In another positive move, the Canadian Forest Service has begun working with Argentina to develop six model forests and develop local indicators to monitor progress towards sustainable forest management. Deforestation Destruction of forests creates numerous environmental catastrophes, including altering local rainfall patterns, accelerating soil erosion, causing the flooding of rivers, and threatening millions of species of plants, animals and insects with extinction. The main causes of deforestation are: expansion of agricultural and industrial needs, population growth, poverty, consumer demand and landlessness. Despite increased public awareness and  a large number of initiatives, deforestation is still continuing in most of Africa, Latin America, Asia and the Pacific. During 1980-90 alone, the Latin American region lost 62 million hectares (6.0 per cent) of its natural forest, which was the largest loss in the world during those years, with a further 5.8 million hectares a year lost during 1990-95. (source:UNEP) India Approximately 45% of Indias land is degraded primarily due to deforestation, unsustainable agricultural practices, mining and excessive groundwater extraction. More than 2/3rds of this can be regenerated. India has the 10th largest forest cover in the world at 68 million hectares. The governments National Action Plan on climate change involves expanding forest cover from the current 23% to 33% of Indias territory, and to afforest 6 million hectares of degraded forest land. India has rich biodiversity more than 45,000 plant and 91,000 animal species. However there are rapid loss trends 10% flora and fauna are on the threatened list and many are on the verge of extinction. PESTICIDE : (IPS) The agriculture industry in Argentina is enjoying the boom in demand for soybeans and other commodities and the subsequent high prices, which are also fattening the state coffers. But the question of the unsafe handling of pesticides and fertilisers has basically been ignored amidst the collective euphoria. According to the Secretariat of Agriculture, the latest harvest set a new record of nearly 95 million tons of grains, half of which were soybeans. This year, the harvest should exceed 100 million tons, and the state expects to take in 7.5 billion dollars in tax revenue as a result. Last year, farmers purchased more than 5,000 tractors, a similar number of sewing machines and 2,000 harvesting machines. But as the area under cultivation has expanded and investment in technology has increased, the use of agrochemicals has grown as well. Private consultants estimate that 3.6 tons of fertilisers were used in 2007, 20 percent more than in 2006. And the growing demand has drawn major investments in fertiliser production plants run by local and international companies, which indicates that output will continue to rise. Statistics from the Secretariat of the Environment show that the use of pesticides has grown steadily since 1991, and that half of the demand comes from soybean producers. This issue has not yet been put on the agenda of social problems, sociologist Marà ­a Alejandra Silva, director of the workers health unit at the University of Rosarios School of Medicine, told IPS. Concerned civil society sectors have failed to get our voices heard. Local non-governmental organisations (NGOs) led by the Rural Reflection Group have long been warning about the risks faced by the rural population due to the expansion of monoculture farming of genetically modified soybeans, which require glyphosate, and the aerial spraying of fields, that is frequently carried out without the necessary safety precautions. Silva, a researcher with the National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), said the state, which brings in enormous tax revenues from farm exports, looks the other way. In an article on the challenges facing Argentina with respect to rural growth that has ignored environmental and health concerns, Silva wrote that in this South American country little or no attention is paid to the question of the environmental and health sustainability of the rural sectors current model of growth. She said the agricultural producers surveyed in the study expressed concern over the soils loss of fertility caused by intensive use, but were not worried about the lack of oversight and control in the production, transportation, storage, handling and application of fertilisers and pesticides, or about the disposal of the empty containers. The symptoms of mild or acute poisoning from agrochemicals include headache, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, restlessness, nervousness, perspiration, nausea, diarrhea, loss of appetite, loss of weight, thirst, moodiness, soreness in joints, skin irritation, eye irritation, and irritation of the nose and throat. Long-term exposure to pesticides and fertilisers without adequate protection and safety measures can cause cancer, neurological damage, endocrine disruption, reproductive disorders, fetal malformations, immune system disruption and impaired nervous system function. A study conducted in different regions with the coordination of the Argentine Association of Doctors for the Environment (AAMMA) warns of the inadequate and indiscriminate use of pesticides, a lack of protection for the workers who handle them, and for their families, and the accumulation of contaminated containers on farms, plantations and orchards. Pesticides and fertilisers can pollute the soil and both surface and underground water sources, and pose risks to living beings, says the report on the problem of agrochemicals and their containers and their effect on the health of workers, the exposed population and the environment. The study, carried out with contributions from the Health Ministry, the Secretariat of the Environment and Sustainable Development, and several universities, says the inappropriate handling of these products is a serious environmental and health problem in Argentina that is causing damages that could be irreversible, especially for children. Around 15 percent of the farmers interviewed in the eastern province of Buenos Aires said they knew people who were resistant to pesticides and handled them without gloves. This was described by the authors as a popular misconception among farmers who often fail to understand that symptoms sometimes only show up in the long-term. In addition, many of the interviewees were unaware of, or simply did not follow, the regulations for disposing of empty agrochemical containers, which must be washed three times and then perforated so that they cannot be reused. Most of the containers end up in piles on unused fields around farms or are buried or burnt, with the subsequent polluting effect on the environment. In some low-income rural or semi-urban areas, people even use the empty containers to haul water. According to the study, the problem is a serious one because the funding is lacking for carrying out local research showing a direct link between the improper handling of pesticides and health effects that can show up decades after contact, or even in future generations in the case of pregnant women exposed to pesticides or fertilisers. In the meantime, in light of the real magnitude and urgency of the problem, the researchers recommend campaigns to inform people about the correct handling of such products and the risks they pose, as well as training, both for farmers and workers who use them and health professionals who must properly diagnose the symptoms of exposure to toxic agrochemicals. PESTICIDE : INDIA The term pesticide covers a wide range of compounds including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, molluscicides, nematicides, plant growth regulators and others. Among these, organochlorine (OC) insecticides, used successfully in controlling number of diseases, such as malaria and typhus, were banned or restricted after the 1960s in most of the technologically advanced countries. The introduction of other synthetic insecticides organophosphate (OP) insecticides in the 1960s, carbamates in 1970s andPyrethroids in 1980s and the introduction of herbicides and fungicides in 1970s 1980scontributed greatly in pest control and agricultural output. Ideally a pesticide must be lethal to the targetted pests, but not to non-target species, including man. Unfortunately, this is not, so the controversy of use and abuse of pesticides has surfaced. The rampant Use of these chemicals, under the adage, if little is good, a lot more will be better has played havoc with human and other life forms. Production and Usage of pesticide in India The production of pesticides started in India in 1952 with the establishment of a plant for The production of BHC near Calcutta, and India is now the second largest manufacturer of Pesticides in Asia after China and ranks twelfth globally9. There has been a steady growth in the production of technical grade pesticides in India, from 5,000 metric tonnes in 1958 to 102,240 metric tonnes in 1998. In 1996-97 the demand for pesticides in terms of value Was estimated to be around Rs. 22 billion (USD 0.5 billion), which is about 2% of the total world market. Agriculture Agriculture is the essence of India. Since time immemorial, the majority of its population bank on agriculture sector directly or indirectly. This is the reason, the contribution of Indian agriculture industry to GDP (Gross Domestic Products) is around 25 per cent. Agriculture in India is a crucial sector in socio-economic development of the country. Comparing the total farming output of India with other countries, India is ranked second worldwide. Because of transforming farming scenario and international competition, augmentation in production and meticulous distribution of food receive higher priority across the globe. Being the largest producer of agricultural products like cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric, black pepper, the 2nd largest cultivator of vegetables, and the third largest producer of fruits. The total production of fruit is around 27.83 MT(Million Tons) and 54 MT in vegetables. India has also strengthened its position in the cultivation of flower and it is estimated that 35,000 hectare of flowers of various kinds like rose, jasmine, marigold, and so on are grown in one or the other part of India. Above all, India is now exporting rice wheat. That has made India self sufficient in food. Agriculture industry in India has seen some remarkable changes since independence, also become very important from the perspective of employment generation, so Indian economy is reckoned as agri oriented. With increased level of sophisticated technologies, application of modern bio technologies, and rendering considerable importance to seeds, fertilizers, irrigation sources, agriculture business has reached a new height. Agro Industry is a promising lucrative sector and riding on an impressive growth. Indias share in the global food market has grown to 0.7 percent and is assessed to reach 1.5 per cent. All these augur great for farming industry. Agricultural Waste Boosts Energy Production in Argentina:- The goal is to raise biomass participation in electricity generation by means of a platform for private projects in need of promotion, said Miguel Almada, head of the agroenergy area of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries. Many projects are already under way, or are negotiating tariffs, he told IPS. A worker unloads rice husk at a biomass power plant run by a company in Thailand. Credit: Nantiya Tangwisutijit/IPS According to a study carried out with the support of the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Argentina has the potential to generate half the countrys total energy supply by burning biomass. The assessment by the FAO and government and technical bodies in Argentina mapped the biomass resources in each province to determine the available potential. Despite its potential, the FAO considers that biomass has so far been the Cinderella of energy sources, without political visibility or recognition in development planning in many countries, including Argentina. FAO, which published its study in 2009 at the request of the Argentine government as a step towards the official launch of the Probiomasa programme, says the use of biomass resources is not jus

Jorge Borges Life Seen In The Secret Miracle Essay -- Jorge Luis Borg

In 1944, Jorge Luis Borges published â€Å"The Secret Miracle†, a short story describing Jaromir Hladik, a Jew living in the Second World War. Jaromir Hladik is taken away by the Germans to a jail by the Germans to be executed shortly after. While in jail, he ponders on all the ways he could be killed and later realizes that he still has yet to finish his play â€Å"The Enemies†. He prays to God, begging for a year to be granted to him so that he can complete his last masterpiece. In a dream, he is granted that year. When the Germans pull the trigger, the world freezes for a full year so he can finish his play. At a first glance, â€Å"The Secret Miracle† appears to be merely a fictioness story. However, Borges included so much of his own life in the character of Jaromir Hladik that the story no longer seems to be so made up. â€Å"Borges writing was impelled and shaped by experience† (Williamson 296). Borges grew up loving books from the very start of hi s life. His father was always a reader, so he had a room set up like a library that housed hundreds of books. Borges also grew up in a family with colorful war history, which allowed him to be introduced to interesting stories early on. At the age of 56, he was completely blind, causing him to see literature in a different way. He no longer thought literature was a reality. For instance, he believed that although an apple is called an â€Å"apple†, it may not actually have that name. Yet he continues to write in this unreality for he feels that it is a writer’s duty to speak out against Juan Peron through literature. In spite of Borges’ belief that literature is not reality, there is evidence of Borges’ life embedded in it which clearly shape the issues and concerns of his work. Borges was always one ... ...ss, which is difficult and requires strategy to succeed. This would fit in with Borges struggle to succeed in his work. In addition, Borges states that, â€Å"No one could any longer describe the forgotten prize, but it was rumored that it was enormous and perhaps infinite† (Borges 166). This could be referring to the prize of life. Many speak of life as being grand, yet no one actually knows whether life on Earth is a prize or not. It goes on to say that Hladik does â€Å"not remember the chessmen or the rules of chess† (Borges 166). In other words, Borges no longer remembers how to live his own life. Borges was first introduced to the game of chess by his father who â€Å"presented him with mathematical theories and philosophical puzzles† (Sickels 4) while teaching him how to become a better chess player. Perhaps this was Borges’ first encounter with the philosophy of life. Jorge Borges' Life Seen In The Secret Miracle Essay -- Jorge Luis Borg In 1944, Jorge Luis Borges published â€Å"The Secret Miracle†, a short story describing Jaromir Hladik, a Jew living in the Second World War. Jaromir Hladik is taken away by the Germans to a jail by the Germans to be executed shortly after. While in jail, he ponders on all the ways he could be killed and later realizes that he still has yet to finish his play â€Å"The Enemies†. He prays to God, begging for a year to be granted to him so that he can complete his last masterpiece. In a dream, he is granted that year. When the Germans pull the trigger, the world freezes for a full year so he can finish his play. At a first glance, â€Å"The Secret Miracle† appears to be merely a fictioness story. However, Borges included so much of his own life in the character of Jaromir Hladik that the story no longer seems to be so made up. â€Å"Borges writing was impelled and shaped by experience† (Williamson 296). Borges grew up loving books from the very start of hi s life. His father was always a reader, so he had a room set up like a library that housed hundreds of books. Borges also grew up in a family with colorful war history, which allowed him to be introduced to interesting stories early on. At the age of 56, he was completely blind, causing him to see literature in a different way. He no longer thought literature was a reality. For instance, he believed that although an apple is called an â€Å"apple†, it may not actually have that name. Yet he continues to write in this unreality for he feels that it is a writer’s duty to speak out against Juan Peron through literature. In spite of Borges’ belief that literature is not reality, there is evidence of Borges’ life embedded in it which clearly shape the issues and concerns of his work. Borges was always one ... ...ss, which is difficult and requires strategy to succeed. This would fit in with Borges struggle to succeed in his work. In addition, Borges states that, â€Å"No one could any longer describe the forgotten prize, but it was rumored that it was enormous and perhaps infinite† (Borges 166). This could be referring to the prize of life. Many speak of life as being grand, yet no one actually knows whether life on Earth is a prize or not. It goes on to say that Hladik does â€Å"not remember the chessmen or the rules of chess† (Borges 166). In other words, Borges no longer remembers how to live his own life. Borges was first introduced to the game of chess by his father who â€Å"presented him with mathematical theories and philosophical puzzles† (Sickels 4) while teaching him how to become a better chess player. Perhaps this was Borges’ first encounter with the philosophy of life.